CASE REPORT: Prognosticators of Excision of Giant Intra-Oral Tumors in a Resource-Challenged Setting: A Case Report

West African Journal of Medicine 2024 March; 41(3): 342-347 PMID: 38788222

Abstract

Minor salivary glands are widely distributed in the mucosal surface of the lips, palate, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx, thus can arise from any of these primary sites. Intra-oral minor salivary gland tumors (IMSGTs), while considered rare in the general population are relatively more common when compared to all the other extra-oral sites. Pleomorphic adenoma, as seen in the index patient, is the most commonly diagnosed benign IMSGT. Intra-oral minor salivary gland tumors are not uncommon and depending on their size, nature, and location can be associated with severe limitation of the Patient's ability to breathe, speak clearly, and/or swallow and consequent severe morbidity and even mortality. In addition to these deleterious effects, they present a major surgical challenge to the surgeon, who has to determine the safest, most feasible access to ensure complete, or near-complete excision, as well as to the anesthetist, who needs to secure a definitive airway through the nose or mouth, both of which could be significantly restricted by the presence of the tumor. The aim is to present our successful management of one of the largest intra-oral minor salivary gland tumors documented in the literature, highlighting the specific measures we undertook to tackle the peculiar surgical and anesthetic challenges we faced. It had been two years since surgery and the patient is thriving with a markedly improved quality of life and no features of recurrence. The patient is a 50-year-old male with a slowly growing painless, left palatal mass in the roof of the mouth of 10 years duration with recurrent spontaneous bloody discharge effluent and snoring. There was an associated history of dysphagia to solid with associated choking spells, a left-sided facial asymmetry with no cheek swelling, odynophagia, sore throat, or difficulty with breathing. There was ipsilateral loss of upper incisors and dental anarchy about two years before presentation. No other nasal, otologic, or ophthalmic symptoms were present. No neck swelling, stiffness, cough, or chest symptoms. The oropharyngeal physical examination was highly restricted due to the intra-oral size of the mass. Figure 1. There was facial asymmetry with a bulge of the left maxilla, left-sided levels 1b and 2 non-tender lymph node enlargements, freely mobile, not adhered to the skin. A craniofacial CT scan revealed extensive isodense heterogeneously enhancing intra-oral soft tissue mass occupying the entire palate/oral cavity and encroaching laterally on the masticator and the parapharyngeal space with erosion of the left maxillary floor and hyoid bone Figure 2. The patient had an excision biopsy of the palatal mass with a free margin. No frozen section at the time of surgery. Histology revealed Pleomorphic adenoma and was followed up for 2 years with no evidence of recurrence. Prognosticators are delay in presentation leading to an increase in size of the mass and severe limitation of the patient's ability to breathe, speak clearly, and/or swallow and consequent severe morbidity and even mortality, the surgeon not being overwhelmed, the skillful Anaesthesist that could maneuver the nasal cavity without us doing tracheostomy and the successful outcome of the surgery.