First and Second Waves of Covid-19: A Comparative Study of the Clinical Presentation and Outcome among Hospitalized Patients in Lagos Nigeria

O. A. Adejumo, S. Adesola, B. I. Adebayo, T. Ogunniyan, J. O. Bamidele, A. V. Adetola, O. A. Osundaro, F. O. Ogunsakin, E. B. Agbana, T. Femi-Adebayo, W. B. Mutiu, I. A. Abdus-Salam, B. A. Saka, O. D. Oladokun, O. B. Oluwadun, O. M. Oyadotun, A. Bowale

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Nigeria experienced many waves of the COVID-19
pandemic. This study compared the clinical presentations and
mortality among hospitalized patients during the first and second
waves of the pandemic in Lagos State, Nigeria.

METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Deidentified
medical records of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19
patients admitted into 15 isolation centers in Lagos, Nigeria between
February 27, 2020, and September 30, 2020 (first wave) and October
1, 2020, and April 30, 2021 (second wave) were reviewed. IBM
Statistics version 25 was used for data analysis

RESULTS: More patients were hospitalized during the first wave of
the pandemic. The mean age of patients was higher during the
second wave (54.5±15.8 years vs. 42.2±15.5 years, p <0.001). More
patients admitted during the second wave had comorbidities (56.0%
vs 28.6%, p <0.001), were symptomatic (90.8% vs 52.0%, p <0.001),
had severe COVID-19 disease (58.9% vs 25%, p <0.001) and died
(14.9% vs 6.4%, p<0.001) compared with the first wave. The odds of
death increased with age and severity of COVID-19 disease during
the first and second waves.

CONCLUSION: A higher proportion of the patients admitted in
Lagos, Nigeria during the second wave were older, had
comorbidities, and had severe COVID-19 disease than the first wave.
Despite the fewer hospitalized patients, there were more deaths
during the second wave.