ORIGINAL ARTICLES Inter-State Transmission of Lassa Fever during the 2015-2016 Lassa Outbreak in Nigeria: An Implication for Infection Prevention and Control Practices

West Afr J Med . 2023 Jul 28;40(7):684-688.

Abstract

Abstract  in English, French

Background: Lassa fever is an acute hemorrhagic viral disease caused by the Lassa virus. The Lassa virus belongs to the Arenaviridae family of RNA viruses. On 05/04/2016; two cases of Lassa fever were reported from Katsina State with the date of presentation of the first case on 23/03/2016 and 27/03/ 2016 for the second case. We investigated the outbreak to identify the agent and the source and propose recommendations as well as to assess the practice of infection, prevention and control (IPC).

Methods: We used descriptive study to describe contact tracing and facility assessment. We described the outbreak by time, place, and person. We defined a case using established guidelines and line-listed the contacts. We conducted IPC facility check in the state. Blood specimens were collected for Lassa fever detection. Microsoft Excel and Epi-info version 7.1.6 were used for data analysis.

Results: The index case of Lassa fever in Katsina State was seen on 23/03/2016 with a travel history from Kaduna State. The second case had contact with a positive Lassa fever case from Gwagwalada, Federal Capital Territory (FCT). A total of 82 contacts were line listed (9 developed Lassa fever). The case fatality rate was 27.3%. IPC checklist revealed 37.5% of the health facilities lacked personal protective equipment and safety boxes, 25% lacked isolation wards, and none had chlorine solution. Overall, 61% of personnel had poor knowledge of Lassa fever, 31% had fair knowledge and 8% had good knowledge.

Conclusion: A multiple-source epidemic with sources of primary infection from outside Katsina state was noted. Most of the health facilities assessed lack basic IPC materials and knowledge on Lassa fever which should be addressed.

Keywords: Epidemiology; Infection Control; Katsina; Lassa fever; Outbreak.

Y Mohammed ¹, U I Bello ², C C Chinaka ³, M Onuoha ³, M Sarki ³, S S Yahaya ², K Suleiman ⁴, M M Dalhat ³